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  1. News Release

  2. Oct 13, 2021

Doctors Group Says Plant-Based Diet Could Be Prescription for Arthritis Pain

WASHINGTON—A new report shows that one in four Americans has arthritis. The reason, according to the nonprofit Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, may be food choices. The good news is that a plant-based diet may help.

A Physicians Committee review of clinical trials and observational studies published in in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition found that a plant-based diet may alleviate painful symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis. 

Josh Cullimore, MD, director of preventive medicine at the Physicians Committee, has also recently reviewed research, described below, showing that eating more fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans, and fewer meat and dairy products, can be beneficial for forms of arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout.

“The evidence is overwhelming: A plant-based diet could be the prescription to help alleviate pain for the tens of millions of Americans suffering from arthritis,” says Josh Cullimore, MD, director of preventive medicine at the Physicians Committee. 

Plant-Based Diet Could Help 58 Million U.S. Adults With Arthritis

Josh Cullimore, MD

Almost one-quarter of U.S. adults have arthritis, according to the latest figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To address this worsening situation, the CDC suggests various strategies but fails to recommend a healthy plant-based diet, which has been shown to reduce obesity levels, inflammation, and arthritis progression.  

Now the most common form of disability, an estimated 58.5 million adults aged 18 years or older (23.7%) suffer from a form of arthritis, which includes osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia. Of those affected, 43.9% report that their condition affects them enough to significantly limit their activities. These figures have increased steadily over recent years, which is attributed to both an ageing population and increasing rates of obesity. 

Osteoarthritis

The biggest risk factor OA is obesity. In fact, for every 5 kg of weight gained over a body mass index (BMI) of 25, the risk for developing OA of the knee increases by 36%.1 Diets rich in vegetables, fruits, and fiber are associated with a significantly lower BMI.2 Two meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials showed a benefit of vegetarian, especially vegan, diets on body weight, compared with other diets.3,4 Studies have also shown the importance of weight loss in improving the symptoms of fibromyalgia and systemic lupus erythematosus in patients who are overweight.5,6

Animal products typically contain significant amounts of saturated fat and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which can exacerbate arthritis. The participants in the Osteoarthritis Initiative who consumed the most saturated fat had a 60% greater risk for OA progression, when compared with those eating the lowest amount.7 AGEs increase stiffness and brittleness in articular cartilage, making it more prone to mechanical damage.8,9 Several over-the-counter nutritional supplements have also been found effective for OA. These include glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, avocado and soybean unsaponifiables, curcumin, and ginger.10,12,13,14

Rheumatoid Arthritis

RA may also be improved with diet changes, and some cases of complete remission have been reported. Several studies have shown that higher intakes of meat and elevated serum cholesterol concentrations are associated with increased risk of developing this disease.15,16,17,18,19 In addition, removing meat products from the diet has been shown to improve symptoms for the long term.18 A diet low in arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid found in animal products, was also found to ameliorate inflammation in patients with RA.20 

Researchers in Norway found that a vegan diet led to reductions in pain, swelling, and morning stiffness, as well as improvements in C-reactive protein.21 In general, fruits and vegetables seem to be protective against the development of RA.22 Studies have shown that a higher intake of certain carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables may protect against developing RA.23,24 Foods containing beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g., citrus fruits) and zeaxanthin (e.g., green leafy vegetables) may be particularly helpful. The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)–Norfolk study of more than 25,000 individuals found that those consuming the highest amounts of these carotenoids had half the risk for developing inflammatory polyarthritis, compared with those consuming the least amount.25  

Gout 

Gout is significantly influenced by diet. Avoiding sugar-sweetened beverages, maintaining a healthy body weight, avoiding alcohol, and replacing meat with legumes and other plant products have all been shown to reduce gout risk.26,27,28,29 Foods contain compounds called purines that break down into uric acid during digestion. When there is an excess of uric acid in the body, it can from crystals in the blood that cause gout. Purines from meat and seafood are known for raising uric acid levels.30 Certain purines are less likely to yield uric acid than others, which may explain why higher consumption of soy and other legumes is shown to decrease the risk of gout.31 This may be in part to differences in bioavailability of purines from plant sources.32 In addition, many flavonoids found in legumes and other plant foods inhibit xanthine oxidase, which is the same mechanism used in some anti-gout medications.33

In summary, the evidence that plant-based diets help promote weight loss and reduce levels of inflammation mean that they should be considered as an important strategy in the prevention and management of the various forms of arthritis. 

References

  1. Bliddal H, Leeds AR, Christensen R. Osteoarthritis, obesity and weight loss: evidence, hypotheses and horizons - a scoping review. Obes Rev. 2014;15(7):578-586. doi: 10.1111/obr.12173 
  2. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):791-796. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1886
  3. Barnard ND, Levin SM, Yokoyama Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in body weight in clinical trials of vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(6):954–969. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.016
  4. Huang RY, Huang CC, Hu FB, Chavarro JE. Vegetarian diets and weight reduction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gen Internal Med. 2016;31(1):109–116. doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3390-7
  5. Arranz LI, Canela MA, Rafecas M. Fibromyalgia and nutrition, what do we know? Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(11):1417-1427. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1443-0
  6. Katz P, Yazdany J, Julian L, et al. Impact of obesity on functioning among women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(10):1357-1364. doi: 10.1002/acr.20526
  7. Lu B, Driban JB, Xu C, et al. Dietary fat intake and radiographic progression of knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(3):368-375. doi: 10.1002/acr.2295
  8. Palimeri S, Palioura E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Current perspectives on the health risks associated with the consumption of advanced glycation end products: recommendations for dietary management. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2015;8:415-426. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S63089
  9. Vos PA, DeGroot J, Huisman AM, et al. Skin and urine pentosidine weakly correlate with joint damage in a cohort of patients with early signs of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(10):1329-1336. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.006 
  10. Baker KR, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH, et al. Association of plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with synovitis in the knee: the MOST study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2012;20(5):382-387. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.01.021
  11. Singh JA, Noorbaloochi S, MacDonald R, et al. Chondroitin for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD005614. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2
  12. Christiansen BA, Bhatti S, Goudarzi R, et al. Management of osteoarthritis with avocado/soybean unsaponifiables. Cartilage. 2015;6(1):30-44. doi: 10.1177/1947603514554992   
  13. Chin KY. The spice for joint inflammation: anti-inflammatory role of curcumin in treating osteoarthritis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:3029-3042. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S117432
  14. Bartels EM, Folmer VN, Bliddal H, et al. Efficacy and safety of ginger in osteoarthritis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015;23(1):13-21. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.09.024
  15. Benito-Garcia E, Feskanich D, Hu FB, et al. Protein, iron, and meat consumption and risk for rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(1):R16. doi: 10.1186/ar2123
  16. Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, et al. Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(12):3804-3812. doi: 10.1002/art.20731
  17. Grant WB. The role of meat in the expression of rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Nutr. 2000;84(5):589-995. doi: 10.1017/s0007114500001926
  18. Turesson C, Bergström U, Pikwer M, et al. High serum cholesterol predicts rheumatoid arthritis in women, but not in men: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:284. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0804-1
  19. Heliövaara M, Aho K, Knekt P, et al. Serum cholesterol and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of 52 800 men and women. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35(3):255-257. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/35.3.255
  20. Adam O, Beringer C, Kless T, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of a low arachidonic acid diet and fish oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2003;23(1):27-36. doi: 10.1007/s00296-002-0234-7
  21. Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Haugen M, Borchgrevink CF, et al. Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1991;338(8772):899-902. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91770-u
  22. Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, et al. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(6):637-663. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y
  23. Cerhan JR, Saag KG, Merlino LA, et al. Antioxidant micronutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of older women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(4):345-354. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf205
  24. Comstock GW, Burke AE, Hoffman SC, et al. Serum concentrations of alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and retinol preceding the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56(5):323-325. doi: 10.1136/ard.56.5.323
  25. Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, et al. Dietary beta-cryptoxanthin and inflammatory polyarthritis: results from a population-based prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2):451-455. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.2.451
  26. Gentry WM, Dotson MP, Williams BS, et al. Investigation of pegloticase-associated adverse events from a nationwide reporting system database. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(9):722-727. doi: 10.2146/ajhp130571
  27. Aune D, Norat T, Vatten LJ. Body mass index and the risk of gout: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(8):1591-1601. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0766-0
  28. Neogi T, Chen C, Niu J, Chaisson C, Hunter DJ, Zhang Y. Alcohol quantity and type on risk of recurrent gout attacks: an internet-based case-crossover study. Am J Med. 2014;127(4):311-318. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.019
  29. MacFarlane LA, Kim SC. Gout: a review of nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014;40(4):581-604. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.002
  30. Jakše B, Jakše B, Pajek M, et al. Uric acid and plant-based nutrition. Nutrients. 2019;11(8). doi: 10.3390/nu11081736
  31. Messina M, Messina VL, Chan P. Soyfoods, hyperuricemia and gout: a review of the epidemiologic and clinical data. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(3):347-358.  
  32. Li R, Yu K, Li C. Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(6):1344-1356. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022
  33. Spanou C, Veskoukis AS, Kerasioti T, et al. Flavonoid glycosides isolated from unique legume plant extracts as novel inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e32214. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032214

Founded in 1985, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit organization that promotes preventive medicine, conducts clinical research, and encourages higher standards for ethics and effectiveness in education and research.

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